***** MANUSCRIPT


***Table 1: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification  
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table 2: Ethnic Partition and Traditional Leaders’ Strength 
set more off
reg traditional_best1 split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 , robust
oprobit ethnicattachment traditional_best1 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 , robust
oprobit ethnicattachment traditional_best1 split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 , robust


***Table 3: Pre-Colonial Centralization, Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification (models 2 & 3)
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment v33 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc v33 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table 4: Ethnic Partition and Treatment by the Central Government 
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oprobit fairly_unit split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit fairly_unit split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment fairly_unit education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc fairly_unit education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust



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***** ONLINE APPENDIX

***Table A2: Descriptive Statistics
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sum ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 traditional_best1 v33 colony1 colony2 colony3 fairly_unit if sampleT1==1
centile ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 traditional_best1 v33 colony1 colony2 colony3 fairly_unit if sampleT1==1


***Figure A1: Distribution of ‘Ethnic Identification’
set scheme s1mono
hist  ethnicattachment if sampleT1==1, xtitle(Ethnic Identification) xlabel(1 "Only Nation" 2 "Mostly Nation" 3 "Both" 4 "Mostly Ethnicity" 5 "Only Ethnicity", labsize(2))


***Figure A2: Distribution of ‘Traditional Leaders’ Strength’
set scheme s1mono
hist  traditional_best1 if sampleT2==1, xtitle(Traditional Leaders’ Strength)


***Figure A3: Distribution of ‘Group Fairly Treated’
set scheme s1mono
hist  fairly_unit if sampleT4==1, xtitle(Group Fairly Treated)


***Table A3: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Fewer Controls
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc c1-c37 y1-y4 if sampleT1==1, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border c1-c37 y1-y4 if sampleT1==1, robust


***Table A4: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Electoral Distance
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity proximity, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity proximity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 proximity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table A5: Ethnic Partition and Traditional Leaders’ Strength – Alternative Measure of Traditional Leasers’ Strength
set more off
reg traditional_robust split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment traditional_robust education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment traditional_robust split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table A6: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Partition Measured Based on Land and Population
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment split_pop5 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split_pop10 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split_pop15 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table A7: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Alternative Measures of Partition 
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment propin_01 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment c.propin_01##c.propin_01 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment numcnt_01 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment div_1 div_2 div_3 div_4 div_5 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table A8: Ethnic Partition and Traditional Leaders’ Strength – Excludes Outliers
set more off
reg traditional_best1 split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if traditional_best1<=.5454546, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment traditional_best1 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if traditional_best1<=.5454546, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment traditional_best1 split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if traditional_best1<=.5454546, robust


***Table A9: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Additional Country-Level Controls
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity gini_mkt c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity trade c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity stfragility c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity migration c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity ef y1-y4, robust


***Table A10: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Probit Models 
set more off
probit onlyethnic split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity, robust
probit onlyethnic split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
probit onlyethnic split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table A11: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – OLS
set more off
reg ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity, robust
reg ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
reg ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table A12: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Multinomial
set more off
mlogit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust


***Table A13: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Multilevel Linear Models
set more off
mixed ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity || cowcode: || year:
mixed ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01  || cowcode: || year:


***Table A14: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Multilevel Probit Models
set more off
meprobit onlyethnic split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity if sample1==1 || cowcode: || year:
meprobit onlyethnic split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity peaceyears_01 war_history_01 control_01 control_history_01 excluded_01 excluded_history_01 if sample1==1  || cowcode: || year:


***Table A15: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Social Desirability Bias
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc  education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if same_ethnic==1, robust
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc  education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if alone==1, robust


***Figure A5: Proportion of Respondent’s Coethnics Living in Respondent’s Country and the Probability of Identifying only with their Ethnicity
set more off
set scheme s1mono
oprobit ethnicattachment c.propin_01##c.propin_01 education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4, robust
margins, at(propin_01=(0(0.05)1)) predict(outcome(5)) atmeans
marginsplot, xlabel(0(0.1)1)  ytitle(Probability Only Ethnicity) xtitle(% of the Group Living in the Country) title("") recast(line) level(95) recastci(rarea) name(outcome5, replace)


***Table A16: Additional Robustness Tests
set more off
*At least 5% of the country
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if ethsize>=0.05, robust
*At least 10% of the country
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if ethsize>=0.1, robust
*At least 15% of the country
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if ethsize>=0.15, robust
*X=5%
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if propin_01>=0.05, robust
*X=10%
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if propin_01>=0.1, robust
*X=20%
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if propin_01>=0.2, robust
*X=30%
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if propin_01>=0.3, robust
*X=40%
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if propin_01>=0.4, robust
*X=50%
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if propin_01>=0.5, robust
 

***Table A17: Ethnic Partition and Ethnic Identification – Excludes Each Country in Succession
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*Benin
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=434, robust
*Bostwana
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=571, robust
*Burkina Faso
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=439, robust
*Cameroon
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=471, robust
*Cote d'Ivoire
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=437, robust
*Ghana
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=452, robust
*Guinea
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=438, robust
*Kenya
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=501, robust
*Lesotho
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=570, robust
*Liberia
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=450, robust
*Madagascar
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=580, robust
*Malawi
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=553, robust
*Mali
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=432, robust
*Mozambique
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=541, robust
*Namibia
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=565, robust
*Niger
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=436, robust
*Nigeria
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=475, robust
*Senegal
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=433, robust
*Sierra Leone
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=451, robust
*South Africa
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=560, robust
*Tanzania
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=510, robust
*Togo
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=461, robust
*Uganda
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=500, robust
*Zambia
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=551, robust
*Zimbabwe
oprobit ethnicattachment split10pc education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 y1-y4 if cowcode!=552, robust


***Table A18: Ethnic Partition and Traditional Leaders’ Strength – Different Components of Traditional Leasers’ Strength
set more off
oprobit ethnicattachment trad_count education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 , robust
oprobit ethnicattachment trad_local education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 , robust
oprobit ethnicattachment trad_attitude education gender age urban abw dist_capital dist_border ethsize borderdist1 capital lnkm2split lngdppc_01 polity c1-c37 , robust

